How to Awaken Europe’s Private Sector and Boost Economic Growth
The European Union (EU) faces a significant challenge in enhancing economic growth, with income per capita notably lagging behind the United States. According to Mario Draghi’s recent competitiveness report for the European Commission, lower productivity levels in Europe are at the heart of this disparity. This article explores the root causes of Europe’s economic underperformance and presents strategies for revitalizing its private sector to close the gap.
The Productivity Problem: Europe vs. The United States
Divergence in Productivity and Innovation
One of the most notable differences between Europe and the United States is the productivity of their leading firms. Since 2005, US-listed firms have seen their market valuations more than triple, while European firms have only experienced a 60% increase. This divergence is primarily driven by disparities in technology sectors, where US companies have outpaced their European counterparts in productivity by nearly 40%.
Innovation Gap in Europe
Innovation efforts, particularly in research and development (R&D), are significantly stronger in the US. American firms invest double the amount in R&D as a share of sales compared to European businesses. This lack of innovation has left Europe trailing in high-growth sectors, such as technology, which are essential for overall economic progress.
Europe’s Broader Business Dynamism Challenge
A Deficiency of Startups and Scale-Ups
Europe’s business landscape also suffers from a lack of dynamism. While the number of startups is already lower than in the US, the issue is compounded by fewer young companies growing into large, productive firms. In the US, fast-growing companies employ six times more people relative to their European counterparts. This deficiency results in a higher proportion of small, low-growth businesses that fail to contribute meaningfully to overall economic productivity.
Root Causes of Europe’s Private Sector Struggles
Market Fragmentation
Though the EU and the US have comparable markets in terms of purchasing-power parity gross domestic product (GDP), the EU’s market remains fragmented. Intra-EU trade intensity is half the level of trade between US states. This fragmentation limits European businesses from benefiting from economies of scale and network effects, crucial for industries like technology where rapid scaling is critical.
Limited Access to Finance
Another major challenge is Europe’s constrained access to finance. Over the past two decades, US-listed companies have issued twice as much equity relative to their size as their European counterparts. Equity is essential for financing intangible investments, such as patents and trademarks, which are pivotal for innovation but cannot be used as collateral for bank loans. Additionally, debt financing in Europe comes with higher interest rates, further limiting the growth potential of young businesses.
Strategies to Boost Europe’s Economic Growth
1. Deepen the European Single Market
Removing barriers to trade and capital flows within the EU is vital for supporting Europe’s most productive firms. Policies aimed at integrating the EU market will incentivize companies to invest more in R&D and infrastructure, allowing them to scale more effectively. A unified capital market will also open up financing opportunities for startups and innovative firms, enabling them to grow and compete on a global scale.
2. Expand Access to Venture Capital
Venture capital investment in Europe is only a quarter of what it is in the US. Expanding this market is crucial for fostering business dynamism. Harmonizing regulations and reducing barriers to investments in larger venture funds can help address this gap. Additionally, the European Investment Fund can play a catalytic role by offering a quality seal for investment opportunities, encouraging more capital flow into innovative sectors.
3. Foster Domestic Reforms to Promote Business Dynamism
At the domestic level, EU member states must take active steps to reduce administrative barriers to entry for new businesses, particularly in service sectors. Labor market reforms should focus on protecting workers, not jobs, allowing businesses to adapt to changing economic conditions. Introducing flexible layoff procedures alongside strong unemployment benefits and job retraining programs will encourage labor mobility and skill development, critical for business innovation and growth.
4. Improve Education and Address Skill Mismatches
Supporting higher education, especially in fields related to technology and entrepreneurship, is critical for fostering innovation. Addressing skill mismatches in the labor market will allow businesses to adopt new technologies more rapidly, driving productivity gains across sectors.
Conclusion: Creating a Thriving Business Ecosystem in Europe
Europe has significant potential to awaken its private sector and boost economic growth, but it requires coordinated efforts at both the EU and national levels. Deepening the single market, expanding access to finance, and enacting domestic reforms will create an environment where businesses can thrive. By addressing these challenges, the EU can close the productivity gap with the United States and ensure long-term economic prosperity for its citizens.